Lactation
Lactation describes the secretion of milk from the breasts when a mother feeds her young. It occurs with almost all female mammals after the birth of their young. In humans the process is also called breastfeeding or nursing.
In most species, milk comes out of the mother's nipples. The platypus (which is a monotreme mammal) releases milk through ducts in its abdomen. In only one species of mammal, the Dayak fruit bat, is milk production a normal male function.
Milk contains fat, lactose, and protein, as well as vitamins and minerals.
Apart from food nutrients, mothers' milk contains a range of antibodies which protect the baby until it develops its own immune system. When born, a baby has antibodies from across the mother's placenta. Its own immunoglobulin production takes about six months to develop after birth, so meantime the mother's milk supplies them.[1]
Milk production requires the hormones prolactin and oxytocin.
The evolution of milk production made use of a feature which was present before modern mammals.[2][3][4] The cells which produce milk were developed from the apocrine glands in the skin:
- "The synapsid branch of the amniote tree that separated from other taxa in the Pennsylvanian (>310 million years ago) evolved a glandular rather than scaled integument".[3]
Meaning: since the skin of synapsids had glands in it, the development of milk production was possible.
During pregnancy and the first few days after birth, milk production is controlled by hormones. Once the milk supply is well established, the breasts switch to a local control system (called autocrine control).
At this stage, the more milk that is removed from the breasts, the more milk the breasts produce.[5][6][7] Research also suggests that fully draining the breasts increases the speed of milk production.[8]
References
[change | change source]- ↑ Janeway C.A. et al 2001. Immunobiology: the immune system in health and disease. 5th ed, New York: Garland, p363. ISBN 0-8153-3642-X
- ↑ Capuco A.V. & Akers R.M 2009. The origin and evolution of lactation. J. Biol. 8 (4) 37.
- 1 2 Oftedal O.T. 2002. The mammary gland and its origin during synapsid evolution. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 7(3):225-52.
- ↑ Lemay D.G. et al 2009. The bovine lactation genome: insights into the evolution of mammalian milk. Genome Biol. 10:r43.
- ↑ deCarvalho M, Anderson DM, Giangreco A, Pittard WB (May 1985). "Frequency of milk expression and milk production by mothers of nonnursing premature neonates". American Journal of Diseases of Children. 139 (5): 483–485. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1985.02140070057033. PMID 3984973.
- ↑ "The Importance of Breastfeeding".
- ↑ Hopkinson JM, Schanler RJ, Garza C (June 1988). "Milk production by mothers of premature infants". Pediatrics. 81 (6): 815–820. doi:10.1542/peds.81.6.815. PMID 3368280. S2CID 36906244.
- ↑ Daly SE, Owens RA, Hartmann PE (March 1993). "The short-term synthesis and infant-regulated removal of milk in lactating women". Experimental Physiology. 78 (2): 209–220. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.1993.sp003681. PMID 8471241.
